Konstantin S Denisenko, Galimzhan K Duskaev, Maria S Arinzhanova

Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production. 2022. Vol. 105, no 3. Р. 95-114.

 doi:10.33284/2658-3135-105-3-95

Review article

The use of technical hemp processing products in animals and poultry feeding (review)

 Konstantin S Denisenko1, Galimzhan K Duskaev2, Maria S Arinzhanova3

1,2,3Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Orenburg, Russia

1Denicenko_99@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-9132

2gduskaev@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/orcid.org/0000-0002-9015-8367

3marymiroshnikova@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1898-9307

Abstract. Research into new and unused feed supplements for production of animal products is a paramount importance to ensure the sustainability of animal husbandry. There are by-products of technical hemp[1] (Cannabis sativa), i.e. seeds, oil, cake, husks and leaves, among the new alternatives to traditional feed resources. Currently, there is a growing interest in their production due to their high nutritional value and functional features. Growing legalization and demand will lead to an expected increase in the global production of hemp and its processed product. Consequently, there could be great opportunities for the fodder and livestock industries if the by-products of this plant are used as feed supplements and biopreservatives. However, technical hemp is not recognized as a commercial feed ingredient in many countries, even though some have developed guidelines for including it in animal diets. This is partly due to limited data on the bioavailability of hemp's dominant bioactive compounds in animals and their known psychoactive effects in humans. Thus, the study of the biological effect of the hemp products introduction into the rations of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry is an urgent task. This review summarizes the properties of technical hemp and its processed product in the context of their use as a feed supplement in the ration of farm animals and poultry.

Keywords: animal husbandry, fodder production, feeding, technical hemp

Acknowledgments: the work was performed in accordance to the plan of research works for 2021-2023 FSBRI FRC BST RAS (No. 0761-2019-0005).

For citation: Denisenko КS, Duskaev GK, Arinzhanova MS. The use of technical hemp processing products in animals and poultry feeding (review). Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production. 2022;105(3):95-114. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33284/2658-3135-105-3-95

References

  1. Serkov VA et al. Cultivation of Central Russian monoecious hemp in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region: practical guidelines. Penzа: GNU Penzenskij NIISKH Rossel'hozakademii; 2011:40 р.
  2. Zverev S, Lamanov A. Possibility of the application of hemp oil cake in pig feeding. Compound Feeds. 2022;2:45-48. doi: 10.25741/2413-287X-2022-02-3-164
  3. Maslovskaya EV, Byvshev VA. Normative legal regulation of activities related to the cultivation of technical varieties of hemp for industrial purposes in the Russian Federation (Conference proceedings). Selection against drugs: materials of the II International conference, 4-6 July 2007 y. Penza; 2007:9-12.
  4. Decree of the Government of Russian Federation from August 25, 2017 No. 996 "On Approval of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025". Moscow; 2017:45 р.
  5. Nurmukhametova RR, Valishina ZT, Aleksandrov AA et al. Structural analysis of hemp fiber after alkaline treatment by IR spectroscopy. Bulletin of the Technological University. 2017;20(10):81-83.
  6. Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:19. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
  7. Atakan Z. Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012;2(6):241-254. doi: 10.1177/2045125312457586
  8. Bar-Sela G, Vorobeichik M, Drawsheh S, Omer A, Goldberg V, Muller E. The medical necessity for medicinal Cannabis: prospective, observational study evaluating the treatment in cancer patients on supportive or palliative care. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:510392. doi: 10.1155/2013/510392
  9. Callaway JC. Hempseed as a nutritional resource: an overview. Euphytica. 2004;140:65-72. doi: 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6
  10. Carbonell-Capella JM, Buniowska M, Barba FJ, Esteve MJ, Frígola A. Analytical methods for determining bioavailability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from fruits and vegetables: a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2014;13(2):155-171. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12049
  11. Clark WD, Cox WR, Silversides FG. Bone fracture incidence in end-of-lay high-producing, noncommercial laying hens identified using radiographs. Poult Sci. 2008;87(10):1964-1970. doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00115
  12. Cozma A, Andrei S, Pintea A, Miere D, Filip L, Loghin F, Ferlay A. Effect of hemp seed oil supplementation on plasma lipid profile, liver function, milk fatty acid, cholesterol, and vitamin A concentrations in Carpathian goats. Czech J Anim Sci. 2015;60:289-301. doi: 10.17221/8275-CJAS
  13. Cremonesi P, Conte G, Severgnini M, Turri F, Monni A, Capra E, Rapetti L, Colombini S, Chessa S, Battelli G, Alves SP, Mele M, Castiglioni B. Evaluation of the effects of different diets on microbiome diversity and fatty acid composition of rumen liquor in dairy goat. Animal. 2018;12(9):1856-1866. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117003433
  14. Della Rocca G, Di Salvo A. Hemp in veterinary medicine: from feed to drug. Front Vet Sci. 2020;28(7):387. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00387
  15. EFSA. CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain). Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin. EFSA Journal. 2015;13(6):4141:125 p. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4141
  16. EFSA. Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Scientific Opinion on the safety of hemp (Cannabis genus) for use as animal feed. EFSA Journal. 2011;9(3):2011:41 p. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2011
  17. Eriksson M, Wall H. Hemp seed cakes in organic broiler diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2012;171(2-4):205-213. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.007
  18. Fike J. Industrial hemp: renewed opportunities for an ancient crop. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 2016;35(5-6):Cannabis:406-424. doi: 10.1080/07352689.2016.1257842
  19. Firenzuoli F, Epifani F, Loiacono I. Konopie… dla wszystkich. Lecznicze zastosowanie konopi. Esteri, 2016, 112 p.
  20. Gakhar N, Goldberg E, Jing M, Gibson R, House JD. Effect of feeding hemp seed and hemp seed oil on laying hen performance and egg yolk fatty acid content: evidence of their safety and efficacy for laying hen diets. Poult Sci. 2012;91(3):701-711. doi: 10.3382/ps.2011-01825
  21. Galasso I, Russo R, Mapelli S, Ponzoni E, Brambilla IM, Battelli G, Reggiani R. Variability in seed traits in a collection of Cannabis sativa L. Genotypes. Front Plant Sci. 2016:7;688. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00688
  22. Halle I, Schöne F. Influence of rapeseed cakes, linseed cakes and hemp seed cakes on laying performance of hens and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. J Verbrauch Lebensm. 2013;8:185-193. doi: 10.1007/s00003-013-0822-3
  23. Hartsel JA, Boyar K, Pham A, Silver RJ, Makriyannis A. Cannabis in veterinary medicine: cannabinoid therapies for animals. In: Gupta R, Srivastava A, Lall R, editors. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Switzerland: Springer Nature. 2019;121-155. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_10
  24. Hessle A, Eriksson M, Nadeau E, Turner T, Johansson B. Cold-pressed hempseed cake as a protein feed for growing cattle. Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci. 2008;58(3):136-145. doi: 10.1080/09064700802452192
  25. Horanin A, Bryndal I. Hemp — active ingredients, medicinal properties and using. Res Rap Wroc Univ Econ. 2017:494;76-84. doi: 10.15611/pn.2017.494.07
  26. House JD, Neufeld J, Leson G. Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(22):11801-11807. doi: 10.1021/jf102636b
  27. Hughes B. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Cannabis Legislation in Europe: An Overview. Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg; 2018:32 р. doi: 10.2810/566650
  28. Iannaccone M, Ianni A, Contaldi F, Esposito S, Martino C, Bennato F, et al. Whole blood transcriptome analysis in ewes fed with hempseed supplemented diet. Sci Rep. 2019;9:16192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52712-6
  29. Irakli M, Tsaliki E, Kalivas A, Kleisiaris F, Sarrou E, Cook CM. Effect οf genotype and growing year on the nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa l.) Seeds. Antioxidants. 2019;8(10):491. doi: 10.3390/antiox8100491
  30. Jin D, Dai K, Xie Z, Chen J. Secondary metabolites profiled in cannabis inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for medicinal purposes. Sci Rep. 2020;10:3309. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60172-6
  31. Jing M, Zhao S, House JD. Performance and tissue fatty acid profile of broiler chickens and laying hens fed hemp oil and HempOmegaTM. Poult Sci. 2017;96(6):1809-1819. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew476
  32. Kaniewski R, Pniewska I, Kubacki A, Strzelczyk M, Chudy M, Oleszak G. Konopie siewne (Cannabis sativa L.) – wartościowa roślina użytkowa i lecznicza. Postępy Fitoter. 2017;18(2):139-144. doi: 10.25121/PF.2017.16.2.139
  33. Karlsson L, Finell M, Martinsson K. Effects of increasing amounts of hempseed cakes in the diet of dairy cows on the production and composition of milk. Animal. 2010;4(11):1854-1860. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110001254
  34. Khan RU, Durrani FR, Chand N, Anwar H. Influence of feed supplementation with Cannabis sativa on quality of broilers carcass. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2010;30(1):34-38.
  35. Leeuw KJ, Palić D, Siebrits FK, Muller H, Hindle VA. Prediction of in vivo organic matter digestibility of ruminant feeds using in vitro techniques. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2019;48(5):907-916. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v48i5.10
  36. Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Comprehensive reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020;19(1):282-308. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12517
  37. Mahmoudi M, Farhoomand P, Nourmohammadi R. Effects of different levels of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) and dextran oligosaccharide on growth performance and antibody titer response of broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci. 2015;14(1):3473. doi: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3473
  38. Manaia JP, Manaia AT,  Rodriges L.  Industrial  hemp  fibers: an overview. 2019;7(12):106. doi: 10.3390/fib7120106
  39. Marrot L, Lefeuvre A, Pontoire B, Bourmaud A, Baley C. Analysis of  the  hemp fiber  mechanical  properties  and  their  scattering  (Fedora 17).  Ind Crops Prod. 2013;51:317-327. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.026
  40. Mattila PH, Pihlava JM, Hellström J, Nurmi M, Eurola M, Mäkinen S, Jalava T, Pihlanto A. Contents of phytochemicals and antinutritional factors in commercial protein-rich plant products. Food Qual Saf. 2018;2(4):213-219. doi: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy021
  41. Michalet-Doreau B, Ould-Bah MY. In vitro and in sacco methods for the estimation of dietary nitrogen degradability in the rumen: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1992;40(1):57-86. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90112-J
  42. Mierliță D. Effects of diets containing hemp seeds or hemp cakes on fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of sheep milk. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2018;48(3):504-515. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v48i3.11
  43. Mierliță D. Fatty acid profile and health lipid indices in the raw milk of ewes grazing part-time and hemp seed supplementation of lactating ewes. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2016;46(3):237-246. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v46i3.3
  44. Mierliță D. Fatty acids profile and oxidative stability of eggs from laying hens fed diets containing hemp seed or hempseed cakes. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2019;49(2):310–21. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v49i2.11
  45. Mihoc M, Pop G, Alexa E, Radulov I. Nutritive quality of romanian hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.) with special focus on oil and metal contents of seeds. Chem Cent J. 2012;6:122. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-122
  46. Mourot J, Guillevic M. Effect of introducing hemp oil into feed on the nutritional quality of pig meat. OCL. 2015;22:D612. doi: 10.1051/ocl/2015035
  47. Mustafa AF, McKinnon JJ, Christensen DA. The nutritive value of hemp meal for ruminants. Can J Anim Sci. 1999;79(1):91-95. doi: 10.4141/A98-031
  48. Neijat M, Gakhar N, Neufeld J, House JD. Performance, egg quality, and blood plasma chemistry of laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil. Poult Sci. 2014;93(11):2827-2840. doi: 10.3382/ps.2014-03936
  49. Neijat M, Suh M, Neufeld J, House JD. Hempseed products fed to hens effectively increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, triacylglycerol and phospholipid of egg yolk. Lipids. 2016;51(5):601-614. doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4088-7
  50. Nissen L, Zatta A, Stefanini I, Grandi S, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, et al. Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of industrial hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.). Fitoterapia. 2010;81(5):413-419. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.11.010
  51. NRC National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: Seventh revised edition. Washington DS: The National Academies Press; 2001: 405 p. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/9825
  52. NRC National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of goats: angora, dairy, and meat goats in temperate and tropical countries. Washington, DS: The National Academies Press; 1981: 100 p. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/30
  53. Palade LM, Habeanu M, Marin DE, Chedea VS, Pistol GC, Grosu IA, et al. Effect of dietary hemp seed on oxidative status in sows during late gestation and lactation and their offspring. Animals. 2019;9(4):194. doi: 10.3390/ani9040194
  54. Pearce DD, Mitsouras K, Irizarry KJ. Discriminating the effects of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica: a web survey of medical Cannabis users. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(10):787-791. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0190
  55. Raza T, Chand N, Khan RU, Shahid MS, Abudabos AM. Improving the fatty acid profile in egg yolk through the use of hempseed (Cannabis sativa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) in the diet of Hy-line White Leghorns. Arch Anim Breed. 2016;59(2):183-190. doi: 10.5194/aab-59-183-2016
  56. Russo R, Reggiani R. Evaluation of protein concentration, amino acid profile and antinutritional compounds in hempseed meal from dioecious and monoecious varieties. AJPS. 2015;6(1):14-22. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.61003
  57. Russo R, Reggiani R. Variability in antinutritional compounds in hempseed meal of Italian and French varieties. Plant. 2013;1(2):25-29. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130102.13
  58. Santos DI, Saraiva JMA, Vicente AA, Moldão-Martins M. Methods for determining bioavailability and bioaccessibility  of  bioactive compounds and nutrients. In: Barba FJ, Saraiva JMA, Cravotto G, Lorenzo JM, editors. Innovative Thermal and Non-Thermal Processing, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds. London: Elsevier Inc.; 2019:23-54. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814174-8.00002-0
  59. Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Challenges towards revitalizing hemp: a multifaceted crop. Trends Plant Sci. 2017;22(11):917-929. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.004
  60. Semwogerere F, Katiyatiya CLF, Chikwanha OC, Marufu MC, Mapiye C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of hemp by-products in ruminant meat production and preservation: a Review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:572906. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572906
  61. Serrano E, Cornu A, Kondjoyan N, Agabriel J, Micol D. Traceability of grass feeding in beef: terpenes, 2,3-octanedione and skatole accumulation in adipose tissue of young bulls. Animal. 2011;5(4):641-649. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110002296
  62. Silversides FG, LefranÇois MR. The effect of feeding hemp seed meal to laying hens. Br Poult Sci. 2005;46(2):231-235. doi: 10.1080/0071660500066183
  63. Skřivan M, Englmaierová M, Taubner T, Skrivanová E. Effects of dietary hemp seed and flaxseed on growth performance, meat fatty acid compositions, liver tocopherol concentration and bone strength of cockerels. Animals. 2020;10(3):458. doi: 10.3390/ani10030458
  64. Skrivan M, Englmaierová M, Vít T, Skrivanová E. Hempseed increases gamma-tocopherol in egg yolks and the breaking strength of tibias in laying hens. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217509. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217509
  65. Smith SC, Wagner MS. Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD) revisited: can this concept explain the therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions? Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2014;35(3):198-201.
  66. Štastník O, Karasek F, Stenclova H, Burdova E, Kalhotka L, Trojan V, et al. The effect of hemp by-products feeding on gut microbiota and growth of broiler chickens. MendelNet. 2016;23:289-293.
  67. Štastník O, Karasek F, Stenclova H, Trojan V, Vyhnanek T, Pavlata L, et al. The effect of hempseed cakes on broiler chickens performance parameters. Mendelnet. 2015;1(1):157-160.
  68. Steiner T, Syed B. Phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition. In: Máthé, Á, editor. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world. Vol. 1. Springer, Dordrecht, 2015;403-423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9810-5_20
  69. Tutek K, Masek A. Hemp and its derivatives as a universal industrial raw material (with particular emphasis on the polymer industry)-a review. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(7):2565. doi: 10.3390/ma15072565
  70. Ujváry I, Hanuš L. Human metabolites of cannabidiol: a review on their formation, biological activity, and relevance in therapy. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2016;1(1):90-101. doi: 10.1089/can.2015.0012
  71. US FDA. US Food & Drug Administration [Internet]. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd#dietarysupplements%0A (cited 2022 Jul 13).
  72. Väisänen T, Batello P, Lappalainen R, Tomppo L. Modification of  hemp  fibers (Cannabis Sativa L.)  for  composite  applications.  Ind  Crops  Prod. 2018;111:422-429. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.049
  73. Vispute MM, Sharma D, Mandal AB, Rokade JJ, Tyagi PK, Yadav AS. Effect of dietary supplementation of hemp (Cannabis sativa) and dill seed (Anethum graveolens) on performance, serum biochemicals and gut health of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2019;103(2):525-533. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13052
  74. WHO Technical Report Series. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: forty-first report. World Health Organization; 2019:57 p.
  75. Zimniewska M. Hemp fibre properties and processing target textile: A review. Materials. 2022;15(5):1901. doi: 10.3390/ma15051901
  76. Żuk-Gołaszewska K, Gołaszewski J. Cannabis sativa L. – cultivation and quality of raw material. J Elem. 2018;23(3):971-984. doi: 10.5601/jelem.2017.22.3.1500

Information about authors:

Konstantin S Denisenko, master student of 2 year of study, laboratory assistant-researcher, Department of Farm Animals Feeding and Feed Technology named after Leushin SG, Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 9 Yanvarya St., Orenburg, 460000, tel.: 8-922-532-55-87.

Galimzhan K Duskaev, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher of the Department of Farm Animals Feeding and Feed Technology named after Leushin SG, Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 9 Yanvarya St., Orenburg, 460000, tel.: 8-922-829-19-76.

Maria S Arinzhanova, 2st year postgraduate student, Junior Researcher of Farm Animal Feeding and Feed Technology Department named after Leushin SG, Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 9 Yanvarya St., Orenburg, 460000, tel.: 8-922-867-57-10.

 The article was submitted 20.07.2022; approved after reviewing 09.08.2022; accepted for publication 12.09.2022.

Download